Fig. 1

The geological map of the study area that involves Hammam Debagh, Hammam Ouled Ali, and Djebel Bousbaa (Bousbaa Mountain) is illustrated in the lower panel. This geological map was obtained using a combination of multiple maps with a uniform scale of 1/50000. The white triangles represent locations of extracted mineralization (Amara et al. 2019). The black line represents the known faults in the region (Amara et al. 2019). The black circles represent the hot geothermal systems in the area. Region (a) in the upper panel shows the structural map of the North of Algeria, and the black square on the map represents the study area