Table 1 CO₂ storage form under each scenario

Unmineable coal seams

None

(a), (e)

None

Saline aquifers

None

(a), (b), (c), (d)

Caprock

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\text{CaSO}}_{ 4} ({\text{anhydrite}}) \leftrightarrow {\text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {\text{SO}}_{ 4}^{2 - } \hfill \\ {\text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{2 - } \leftrightarrow {\text{CaCO}}_{ 3} \hfill \\ {\text{illite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{K}}^{ + } + {\text{Mg}}^{ 2+ } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \to ({\text{Ca - smectite)}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{illite}} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} \to {\text{muscovite}} + {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{MgCO}}_{ 3} \hfill \\ \end{array} \right.\)

(Tian et al. 2014)

Reservoir

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{CO}}_{ 3} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } \leftrightarrow 2{\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{2 - } \hfill \\ ( {\text{K - feldspar)}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{K}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{plagioclase}} + ({\text{K - feldspar)}} + {\text{Mg}}^{2 + } + {\text{Fe}}^{2 + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} \to \hfill \\ {\text{kaolinitet}} + ({\text{illite - smectite)}} + {\text{dolomite}} + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{Na}}^{ + } + {\text{K}}^{ + } \hfill \\ + {\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } \hfill \\ {\text{calcite}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{Ca}}^{ 2+ } + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{{ 2 { - }}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \right.\)(Kampman et al. 2014; Wdowin et al. 2014)

Depleted oil/gas reservoirs

None

(a), (c), (d)

\(\left\{ \begin{aligned} {\text{albite}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{dawsonite}} + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} \hfill \\ ({\text{K - feldspar)}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{K}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{CO}}_{ 3} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } \leftrightarrow 2{\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{2 - } \hfill \\ \end{aligned} \right.\)

(Yu et al. 2012)

Submarine sediment layer

None

Basalt formation

None

(c), (d)

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\text{diopside}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {\text{Mg}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{hedenbergite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Ca}}^{2 + } + {\text{Fe}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{greenalite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Fe}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{antigorite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Mg}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{forsterite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Mg}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{fayalite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } \to {\text{Fe}}^{2 + } + {\text{SiO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{M}}^{ 2+ } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{2 - } \to {\text{MCO}}_{ 3} \hfill \\ \end{array} \right.\)(Liu et al. 2019)

CO₂-ECBM

CH₄

(b), (e)

None

CO₂-EOR

Oil

(a), (b)

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} ({\text{K - feldspar)}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{K}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{albite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{Na}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{anorthite}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{calcite}} + {\text{kaolinite}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \right.\)

(Yu et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017)

CO₂-EGR

CH₄

(b), (c), (d)

CO₂-EGS

Heat energy

(c), (d)

\(\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{CO}}_{ 3} \leftrightarrow {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } \leftrightarrow 2{\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{2 - } \hfill \\ ( {\text{K - feldspar)}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{K}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{anorthite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{calcite}} \hfill \\ {\text{albite}} + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{kaolinite}} + {\text{Na}}^{ + } + {\text{Si}}({\text{OH}})_{4} \hfill \\ {\text{calcite}} + {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \leftrightarrow {\text{Ca}}^{ 2+ } + {\text{H}}^{ + } + {\text{CO}}_{ 3}^{{ 2 { - }}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \right.\)

(Na et al. 2015; Xu 2008)