Table 1 Casing programs of geothermal wells where temperatures above critical point of pure water have been encountered

Italy

Sasso-22

1980

4094

380

n/n

3970

Wire-line logs

High well temperatures

24″

–

18 5/8″ @400 m

13 3/8″ @1400 m

9 5/8″ @2900 m

Bertini et al. (1980)

San Pompeo-2

1979

2996

395

> 240

2560

n/n

Blow-out

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

Barbier (1984)

San Vito-1

1980

3045

419

n/n

2500

Zinc sheet

Wellhead not rated for supercritical conditions

20″, J55, BTC @147 m

13 3/8″, J55, BTC @1009 m

9 5/8″, C75, Hydril @2025 m

Liner 7″, J55, BTC @1897–2487 m (liner)

6″, J55 @2382–3045 m (slotted liner)

Baron and Ungemach (1980)

Venelle-2

2017

2900

> 500

n/n

2810

Wire-line Kuster KTG tool (and 444 °C with SINTEF PT tool, 480–610 °C at 2894 m with thermosensitive paints)

Blow-out; cementing equipment failure

18 5/8″, J55, Tenaris ER, 133 lb/ft @182 m

–

13 3/8″, L80 (13%Cr), Tenaris ER, 68 lb.ft @1029 m

Liner 9 5/8″, L80, TSH ER, 44 lb/ft @1000–2300 m

Liner 7″, T95, TSH Blue, 29 lb/ft @2250–2800 m

Bertani et al. (2018)

9 5/8″, L80, TSH ER, 44 lb/ft @1000 m (tie-back)

Liner 7″, TN125SS, TSH Blue, 32 lb/ft @1100–2250 m

Open hole @3000–3500 m

Tie-back 7″, TN125SS, 32 lb/ft, TSH Blue @1100 m

Carboli-11

1990

3455

427

n/n

3328

Melting alloy

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

Ruggieri and Gianelli (1995)

Iceland

NJ-11

1985

2265

>380

>220

1900 (tool deflection)

Wire-line with 44 l/s of cold water pumped into annulus

Underground blow-out

18 5/8″ @54 m

–

13 3/8″, 61, 68 lb/ft, K55 @183 m

9 5/8″, 43 lb/ft, K55, BTC @566 m

7″ 24 lb/ft, K55, BTC @561–1617 m

Steingrimsson et al. (1986)

IDDP-1

2008

2104

450

142

At wellhead during well discharge

Wellhead valve failure, casing rupture due to well quenching, corrosion and precipitation

32 ½”, X56, welded, @87 m

24 ½” 162 lb/ft, K55, welded, @254 m

13 5/8″, 88 lb/ft, T95, Hydril 563 @290 m

9 5/8″, 54 lb/ft, K55, Hydril @563–1935 m (sacrificial)

9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, K55, BTC @1935–2072 m (part of production casing)

Þórhallsson et al. (2010), (2014)

18 5/8″, 114 lb/ft, K55, BTC @785 m

13 3/8″, 72 lb/ft, K55, Hydril 563 @290–1949 m

IDDP-2

2016

4659

427

340

4560

Wire-line logs; 6 days after drilling with 40 l/s fluid pumping

Casing damage

22 ½”, 117 lb/ft, X56, welded @87 m

18 5/8″, X56, welded @293 m

9 7/8″, 63 lb/ft, T95, GEOCONN @535 m

7″, 26 lb/ft, TN 80HS, Hydril @1303 m (sacrificial)

7″, 26 lb/ft, L80, BTC @2941–4572 m

Ingason et al. (2015), Friðleifsson and Elders (2017), Friðleifsson et al. (2017)

13 3/8″, 68 lb/ft, K55, BTC @794 m

9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, L80, GEOCONN @535–2941 m

KJ-39

2008

2858

386

230

2822

Wire-line shortly after drilling within stuck drill string

Well construction not rated for supercritical condition; in operation as an injection well

18 5/8″ @74 m

–

13 5/8″, K55, BTC @282 m

9 5/8″ @967 m

7″, K55, BTC @2608 m

Mortensen et al. (2010)

Japan

WD-1A

1994

3729

500

n/n

> 3500

Melting points of pure tellurium metal

Safety concerns due to H₂S and CO₂ ejection

18 5/8″, @600 m

–

13 3/8″, @1500 m

9 5/8″ @1363–2546 m

Open hole

Saito et al. (1998)

USA

Wilson No 1

1981

3672

400

489

2980, 3350

Fluid inclusions

Casing collapse

20″, 94 lb/ft, H40, seamless, Vetco @50 m

–

13 3/8″ K-55. 68 and 55 lb/ft, K-55, BTC, @894 m

9 5/8″, 40, 44, 47, 54 lb/ft L80 and K-55 @2804 m

Open hole

DOGGR online well records (1982), Fournier (1991)

Prati-32

2010

3396

400

n/n

3352

From steam entry

In operation as injection well

22″ @98 m

16 1/8″ @912 m

11 3/4″ @1863 m

8 5/8″ (liner) @2591–3048 m

7″ @3048–3388 m with 5″ (blank liner) @2590 m

Garcia et al. (2016)

IID-14

1990

2073

390

207

2073

Wire-line logs

n/n

16″ @114 m

–

–

9 5/8″ @302 m

7″ @789 m

DOGGR online well records (1990)

KS-13

2005

2488

1050

n/n

2844

Dacite magma temperature

In operation as injection well

20″ 94 lb/ft, K55, BTC @305 m

–

13 3/8″, 61 lb/ft, K55, VAM @610

9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, C-90, VAM @1189 m

7″, 29 lb/ft, L80, BTC @1159 m

Teplow et al. (2009), Spielman et al. (2006)

Mexico

H-43

2007

2200

395

113

2200

Wire-line during heating-up

Precipitation and erosion

20″ K-55 94 lb/ft, BTC @47 m

–

13 3/8″ K-55 54.5 lb/ft, BTC @501 m

9 5/8″ L-80 47 lb/ft, BTC @1245 m

Open hole

Diez et al. (2015)

Kenya

MW-01

2011

2206

391

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

20″ @81 m

–

13 3/8″ @400 m

9 5/8″ @840 m

7″ @2206 m (slotted liner)

Okwiri and Cherutisch (2013), Khaemba (2016), Mbia (2014), Kipyego et al. (2013)

MW-03

2011

2106

~400

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

@1096 m

@2070 m

Mbia (2014)

MW-04

2011

2118

390

140

During flow testing

n/n

20″, 94 lb/ft, @81 m

13 3/8″, 55 lb/ft @401 m

9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft @1106 m

7″, 26 lb/ft @2097 m

Mbia (2014), Kipyego et al. (2013)

MW-06 (MW-05)

2011

2203

325

n/n

n/n

n/n

n/n

20″ @80 m

13 3/8″, 55 lb/ft, 68 lb/ft @409 m

9 5/8 @1001 m

7″, 26 lb/ft @2171 m

Mbia (2014), Mibei (2012), Kipyego et al. (2013)

Greece

Nisyros-1

1982

1816

> 400

n/n

Wellhead using wax strips

Casing collapse

18 5/8″ H40 @111 m

–

13 3/8″ J55, 55 lb/ft BTR @414 m

9 5/8″ J55, 40 lb/ft, BTR @1342 m

7″ J55, API, 23 lb/ft @1267–1811 m (slotted liner)

Geotermica Italiana (1983, 1984)