Table 2 Mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of particles after calibration

Young’s modulus (mean value, MPa)

84

162

178

230

Ratio normal stiffness/shear stiffness

2.5

2.2

2.6

2.6

Friction coefficient

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

Tensile strength (MPa)

30

75

27

45

Cohesion (MPa)

140

350

126

210

Thermal conductivity (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹)

1.98

4.52

4.48

2.10

Specific heat (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹)

1112

800

800

910

Linear thermal expansion coefficient (K⁻¹)

6.81 × 10⁻⁶

1.00 × 10⁻⁵

3.85 × 10⁻⁶

3.40 × 10⁻⁵