Differential alteration of basaltic lava flows and hyaloclastites in Icelandic hydrothermal systems

Geothermal Energy

Science – Society – Technology

Table 1 Secondary minerals identified in basaltic systems with hydrothermal alteration

Carbonates
Ankeriteⁱ, Aragonite^t, Calcite^{a,e,g,i,m,n,t}, Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates^i,j, Dolomiteⁱ.
Hydroxides and oxides
Anatase^m, Fe-oxide^t, Goethite^h,o,q,u, Gibbsite^q, Hematite^j,o, Limoniteⁿ.
Zeolites
Analcime^t,x,y, Chabazite^a,n,t,y, Clinoptololite^t, Heulandite^a,l,n,t,y, Laumontite^g,l,t,y, Levyne^y, Mesolite^a,y, Mordenite^t, Scolecite^a,n,t, Stellerite^f, Stilbite^f,n,t,y, Thomsonite^a,t,y, Wairakite^g,l,n,t, Yugawairalite^y.
Smectites
Ca-Fe-Mg smectitesⁱ, Fe-Mg smectites^d, Mg-rich smectitesⁱ, Interstratified smectite-chlorite^l,r, Montmorillonite^l,o, Fe-rich saponites^l, Saponites^a,v,w.
Other silicates
Adularia^e,t, Actinolite^{g,k, l,n,t,v}, Albite^e,g,m,n,t, low-Albite^p, Amorphous silica^i,o,t, Antigorite (poorly crystalline)ⁿ, Chalcedony^b,g,n,t, Chlorite^{c,e,g,i,l,m,n,t,v,w}, Epidote^{e,g,k,l,m,n,t,v}, Garnet^e,m,n,t, Grossular^g, Hedenbergite^t, Hornblende^e,k, Kaolinite^o,q, K-feldspar^g,m,p, Oligoclase^m, Prehnite^{e,g,k,l,m,n,t}, Quartz^b,e,g,m,n,t, Talcⁿ, Wollastonite^g,n,t.
Others
Anataseⁿ, Anhydrite^{d,f ,l,m,n,v}, Antleriteⁿ, Apatite^l, Brochantiteⁿ, Bonatitteⁿ, Chalcopyrite^l, Covelliteⁿ, Fluorite^r, Gypsumⁿ, Halite^l, Marcasite^g, Pyrite^{d,g,h,l,m,n,s,t}, Pyrrhotite^g,t, Rutile^m, Sphalerite^l,m, Titanite^l,m,s.

^aAlfredsson et al. (2013); ^b Arnorsson (1975); ^c Arnorsson et al. (1983); ^d Ehlmann et al. (2012); ^e Freedman et al. (2009); ^f Fridriksson et al. (2001); ^g Gudmundsson and Arnorsson (2005); ^h Gunnlaugsson (1982); ⁱ Gysi and Stefansson (2012a); ^j Gysi and Stefansson (2012b); ^k Hreggvisdottir (1978); ^lKristmannsdottir (1979); ^mLonker et al. (1993); ⁿMarks et al. (2010); ^oMarkusson and Stefansson (2011); ^pMiyashiro (1975); ^qNavarre-Sitchler et al. (2011); ^rSchiffman and Fridleifsson (1991); ^sSigurdsson (1970); ^tSteingrimsson et al. (1986a, 1986b); ^uSteinthorsson and Sveinbjörnsdottir (1981); ^vSveinbjörnsdottir (1992); ^wTomasson and Kristman (1972); ^xWalker (1960); ^yWeisenberger and Selbekk (2009)