Table 1 Subsurface parameters and their corresponding values used in the numerical Freiburg city-scale model and box models

Hydraulic properties

 Porosity

0.15

–

Typical value for the study area (Geyer and Gwinner 2011)

 Fluid density

1000

kg m⁻³

Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Solid density

2650

kg m⁻³

Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (ratio horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity = 10)

Neuenburg F.: calibrated^a

(range: 1.0 × 10^–4—4.42 × 10^–3)

Breisgau F.: 6.0 × 10^–5

m s⁻¹

Baden-Württemberg State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining (LGRB) (personal communication)

Thermal properties

 Ambient aquifer temperature (initial condition)

12

°C

Environmental Protection Authority Freiburg (personal communication)

 Fluid heat capacity

4200

J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹

Meng et al. (2018), Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Solid heat capacity

750

J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹

Meng et al. (2018), Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Fluid thermal conductivity

0.6

W m⁻¹ K⁻¹

Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Solid thermal conductivity

Neuenburg F.: 6.5

Breisgau F.: 4.6

W m⁻¹ K⁻¹

Menberg et al. (2013), Stauffer et al. (2014)

 Longitudinal dispersivity

10

m

Baden-Württemberg (2009), Beims (1983)

 Transverse dispersivity

1

m

Baden-Württemberg (2009), Beims (1983)

 Fluid heat capacity ratio

1

–

COMSOL (2020)