Geochemical and H–O–Sr–B isotope signatures of Yangyi geothermal fields: implications for the evolution of thermal fluids in fracture-controlled type geothermal system, Tibet, China

Cao, Rui; Dor, Ji; Cai, YongQiang; Chen, XiaoLin; Mao, Xiang; Meng, Hui-ren

doi:10.1186/s40517-023-00263-5

Geothermal Energy

Science – Society – Technology

Table 1 Chemical composition and physicochemical parameters of water samples in YHGF

From: Geochemical and H–O–Sr–B isotope signatures of Yangyi geothermal fields: implications for the evolution of thermal fluids in fracture-controlled type geothermal system, Tibet, China

Location	Sample No	Sample type	T (℃)	pH	TDS (mg/L)	Ca (mg/L)	Mg (mg/L)	Na (mg/L)	K (mg/L)	Cl (mg/L)	HCO₃ (mg/L)	CO₃ (mg/L)	SO₄ (mg/L)	Si (mg/L)	SiO₂ (mg/L)	Sr (mg/L)	B (mg/L)	Li (mg/L)	F (mg/L)	Hadrochemical type
BSGZ	D2707	Borehole water	88.7	9.1	1454	3.8	0.1	360	33	152	390	54	203	62	n.a	0.25	27.95	13.31	21.11	Na–Cl
	D2708	Hot spring	85.4	8.0	817	33.5	9.6	179	13	84	422	n.d	86	82	n.a	0.98	12.65	4.88	2.12	Na-HCO₃-Cl
	D2709	Borehole water	46.0	7.0	1517	9.8	0.2	399	37	152	606	n.d	203	65	n.a	0.52	29.27	10.71	14.66	Na-HCO₃
	YYT-6*	Borehole water	89.0	8.0	1799	6.5	1.0	490	57	183	645	29	256	n.a	377	0.47	45.50	10.50	20.50	Na-HCO₃
	YYT-7*	Borehole water	84.0	7.9	1733	6.6	0.9	479	51	180	639	24	247	n.a	350	0.43	44.00	9.51	20.00	Na-HCO₃
	YYT-8*	Borehole water	86.0	8.0	1827	25.8	1.0	597	41	185	815	51	255	n.a	195	0.83	45.70	6.64	13.00	Na-HCO₃
	ZK204^	Borehole water	82.0	8.4	1782	15.8	0.8	562	32	184	840	n.d	240	n.a	209	n.a	29.99	6.42	13.68	Na-HCO₃
	CHK4^	Borehole water	46.0	7.8	907	37.5	11.4	210	17	82	504	n.d	125	n.a	174	n.a	14.93	5.31	5.13	Na-HCO₃-Cl
	ZK207^	Borehole water	83.0	8.1	1568	13.0	2.6	464	34	172	820	n.a	188	n.a	231	n.a	29.75	12.24	11.51	Na-HCO₃
NSGZ	D2712	Hot spring	85.0	7.8	1244	16.0	0.7	364	20	150	529	n.d	200	46	n.a	0.41	27.55	12.52	11.93	Na-HCO₃-Cl
	D2713	Hot spring	79.8	9.3	1264	3.1	0.6	326	24	149	258	66	209	67	n.a	0.33	27.76	12.28	19.23	Na–Cl
	D2716	Hot spring	86.1	9.2	1249	3.3	0.1	323	19	147	282	54	205	64	n.a	0.34	27.75	12.33	18.98	Na–Cl
	D2815	Borehole water	74.5	8.4	1612	9.0	0.1	416	33	172	574	n.d	231	54	n.a	0.41	31.67	11.44	16.41	Na–Cl
	ZK401^	Borehole water	84.0	8.6	1516	11.1	1.7	458	31	171	631	n.a	235	n.a	193	n.a	28.89	7.82	11.52	Na-HCO₃-Cl
QSGZ	D2804	Hot spring	85.8	8.5	1115	2.2	0.1	292	16	143	262	21	191	72	n.a	0.15	24.15	9.74	18.85	Na–Cl
	D2807	Hot spring	84.6	9.6	1431	2.0	0.1	375	21	171	242	102	232	62	n.a	0.31	30.44	13.01	24.65	Na–Cl
	D2811	Borehole water	46.3	9.2	1214	6.8	0.2	316	17	147	271	61	197	64	n.a	0.50	23.45	10.38	19.49	Na–Cl
	YYT-1*	Hot spring	84.0	9.2	1277	3.8	1.0	374	24	169	179	100	225	n.a	218	0.33	40.80	7.78	20.40	Na–Cl
	YYT-2*	Hot spring	79.0	9.2	1398	1.4	0.9	430	25	175	223	119	245	n.a	216	0.27	42.40	8.41	21.60	Na–Cl
	YYT-3*	Hot spring	86.0	9.4	1431	1.1	1.1	433	29	182	148	152	253	n.a	226	0.23	44.60	9.11	22.70	Na–Cl
	YYT-4*	Hot spring	88.0	9.1	1416	1.5	1.0	440	25	174	242	127	242	n.a	212	0.16	41.40	8.50	22.30	Na–Cl
	Q502^	Hot spring	50.0	8.5	1196	4.8	0.0	363	12	152	395	n.a	84	n.a	147	n.a	25.85	11.52	24.70	Na-HCO₃-Cl
	Q572^	Hot spring	50.0	7.6	624	16.4	0.3	180	8	83	370	n.a	44	n.a	80	n.a	14.43	5.01	8.36	Na-HCO₃
	D2703	Surface water	9.0	7.4	66	8.1	1.6	3.2	0.7	6.9	24.8	n.d	5.9	7.5	n.a	0.07	0.96	0.01	0.33	Ca-Mg-HCO₃
	YYC-2*	Surface water	13.3	7.1	60	12.5	1.6	4.0	0.4	1.8	51.3	n.d	3.1	n.a	10.1	0.07	0.57	0.00	0.19	Ca-Mg-HCO₃
	YYC-3*	Surface water	13.6	7.2	64	11.8	1.8	4.8	0.5	2.3	45.8	n.d	7.3	n.a	11.5	0.08	0.65	0.02	0.25	Ca-Mg-HCO₃
	YYC-4*	Surface water	13.8	7.9	70	12.8	2.3	5.5	0.5	2.7	46.6	0.2	8.9	n.a	12.5	0.10	0.67	0.03	0.31	Ca-Mg-HCO₃
	YYC-1*	Surface water	16.0	7.6	80	15.6	2.5	5.0	0.5	1.9	60.3	0.2	5.0	n.a	18.4	0.12	0.72	0.01	0.32	Ca-Mg-HCO₃

“*” means the data obtained from Yuan et al. (2014); “^” means the data obtained from The Geothermal Geological Team of Tibet (1990); n.a. = not analyzed; n.d.: :not detected

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