Science – Society – Technology
From: Review of failure modes in supercritical geothermal drilling projects
Country | Well | Year | Depth, m | Temp., °C | Press., bar | Depth measured, m | Measuring method | Failure mode | Casing program | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface | Intermediate | Anchor | Production | Liner pipe | ||||||||||
Italy | Sasso-22 | 1980 | 4094 | 380 | n/n | 3970 | Wire-line logs | High well temperatures | 24″ | – | 18 5/8″ @400 m | 13 3/8″ @1400 m | 9 5/8″ @2900 m | Bertini et al. (1980) |
San Pompeo-2 | 1979 | 2996 | 395 | > 240 | 2560 | n/n | Blow-out | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | Barbier (1984) | |
San Vito-1 | 1980 | 3045 | 419 | n/n | 2500 | Zinc sheet | Wellhead not rated for supercritical conditions | 20″, J55, BTC @147 m | 13 3/8″, J55, BTC @1009 m | 9 5/8″, C75, Hydril @2025 m | Liner 7″, J55, BTC @1897–2487 m (liner) | 6″, J55 @2382–3045 m (slotted liner) | Baron and Ungemach (1980) | |
Venelle-2 | 2017 | 2900 | > 500 | n/n | 2810 | Wire-line Kuster KTG tool (and 444 °C with SINTEF PT tool, 480–610 °C at 2894 m with thermosensitive paints) | Blow-out; cementing equipment failure | 18 5/8″, J55, Tenaris ER, 133 lb/ft @182 m | – | 13 3/8″, L80 (13%Cr), Tenaris ER, 68 lb.ft @1029 m | Liner 9 5/8″, L80, TSH ER, 44 lb/ft @1000–2300 m | Liner 7″, T95, TSH Blue, 29 lb/ft @2250–2800 m | Bertani et al. (2018) | |
9 5/8″, L80, TSH ER, 44 lb/ft @1000 m (tie-back) | Liner 7″, TN125SS, TSH Blue, 32 lb/ft @1100–2250 m | Open hole @3000–3500 m | ||||||||||||
Tie-back 7″, TN125SS, 32 lb/ft, TSH Blue @1100 m | ||||||||||||||
Carboli-11 | 1990 | 3455 | 427 | n/n | 3328 | Melting alloy | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | Ruggieri and Gianelli (1995) | |
Iceland | NJ-11 | 1985 | 2265 | >380 | >220 | 1900 (tool deflection) | Wire-line with 44 l/s of cold water pumped into annulus | Underground blow-out | 18 5/8″ @54 m | – | 13 3/8″, 61, 68 lb/ft, K55 @183 m | 9 5/8″, 43 lb/ft, K55, BTC @566 m | 7″ 24 lb/ft, K55, BTC @561–1617 m | Steingrimsson et al. (1986) |
IDDP-1 | 2008 | 2104 | 450 | 142 | At wellhead during well discharge | Wellhead valve failure, casing rupture due to well quenching, corrosion and precipitation | 32 ½”, X56, welded, @87 m | 24 ½” 162 lb/ft, K55, welded, @254 m | 13 5/8″, 88 lb/ft, T95, Hydril 563 @290 m | 9 5/8″, 54 lb/ft, K55, Hydril @563–1935 m (sacrificial) | 9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, K55, BTC @1935–2072 m (part of production casing) | |||
18 5/8″, 114 lb/ft, K55, BTC @785 m | 13 3/8″, 72 lb/ft, K55, Hydril 563 @290–1949 m | |||||||||||||
IDDP-2 | 2016 | 4659 | 427 | 340 | 4560 | Wire-line logs; 6 days after drilling with 40 l/s fluid pumping | Casing damage | 22 ½”, 117 lb/ft, X56, welded @87 m | 18 5/8″, X56, welded @293 m | 9 7/8″, 63 lb/ft, T95, GEOCONN @535 m | 7″, 26 lb/ft, TN 80HS, Hydril @1303 m (sacrificial) | 7″, 26 lb/ft, L80, BTC @2941–4572 m | Ingason et al. (2015), Friðleifsson and Elders (2017), Friðleifsson et al. (2017) | |
13 3/8″, 68 lb/ft, K55, BTC @794 m | 9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, L80, GEOCONN @535–2941 m | |||||||||||||
KJ-39 | 2008 | 2858 | 386 | 230 | 2822 | Wire-line shortly after drilling within stuck drill string | Well construction not rated for supercritical condition; in operation as an injection well | 18 5/8″ @74 m | – | 13 5/8″, K55, BTC @282 m | 9 5/8″ @967 m | 7″, K55, BTC @2608 m | Mortensen et al. (2010) | |
Japan | WD-1A | 1994 | 3729 | 500 | n/n | > 3500 | Melting points of pure tellurium metal | Safety concerns due to H2S and CO2 ejection | 18 5/8″, @600 m | – | 13 3/8″, @1500 m | 9 5/8″ @1363–2546 m | Open hole | Saito et al. (1998) |
USA | Wilson No 1 | 1981 | 3672 | 400 | 489 | 2980, 3350 | Fluid inclusions | Casing collapse | 20″, 94 lb/ft, H40, seamless, Vetco @50 m | – | 13 3/8″ K-55. 68 and 55 lb/ft, K-55, BTC, @894 m | 9 5/8″, 40, 44, 47, 54 lb/ft L80 and K-55 @2804 m | Open hole | |
Prati-32 | 2010 | 3396 | 400 | n/n | 3352 | From steam entry | In operation as injection well | 22″ @98 m | 16 1/8″ @912 m | 11 3/4″ @1863 m | 8 5/8″ (liner) @2591–3048 m | 7″ @3048–3388 m with 5″ (blank liner) @2590 m | Garcia et al. (2016) | |
IID-14 | 1990 | 2073 | 390 | 207 | 2073 | Wire-line logs | n/n | 16″ @114 m | – | – | 9 5/8″ @302 m | 7″ @789 m | DOGGR online well records (1990) | |
KS-13 | 2005 | 2488 | 1050 | n/n | 2844 | Dacite magma temperature | In operation as injection well | 20″ 94 lb/ft, K55, BTC @305 m | – | 13 3/8″, 61 lb/ft, K55, VAM @610 | 9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft, C-90, VAM @1189 m | 7″, 29 lb/ft, L80, BTC @1159 m | ||
Mexico | H-43 | 2007 | 2200 | 395 | 113 | 2200 | Wire-line during heating-up | Precipitation and erosion | 20″ K-55 94 lb/ft, BTC @47 m | – | 13 3/8″ K-55 54.5 lb/ft, BTC @501 m | 9 5/8″ L-80 47 lb/ft, BTC @1245 m | Open hole | Diez et al. (2015) |
Kenya | MW-01 | 2011 | 2206 | 391 | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | 20″ @81 m | – | 13 3/8″ @400 m | 9 5/8″ @840 m | 7″ @2206 m (slotted liner) | Okwiri and Cherutisch (2013), Khaemba (2016), Mbia (2014), Kipyego et al. (2013) |
MW-03 | 2011 | 2106 | ~400 | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | @1096 m | @2070 m | Mbia (2014) | ||||
MW-04 | 2011 | 2118 | 390 | 140 | During flow testing | n/n | 20″, 94 lb/ft, @81 m | 13 3/8″, 55 lb/ft @401 m | 9 5/8″, 47 lb/ft @1106 m | 7″, 26 lb/ft @2097 m | ||||
MW-06 (MW-05) | 2011 | 2203 | 325 | n/n | n/n | n/n | n/n | 20″ @80 m | 13 3/8″, 55 lb/ft, 68 lb/ft @409 m | 9 5/8 @1001 m | 7″, 26 lb/ft @2171 m | |||
Greece | Nisyros-1 | 1982 | 1816 | > 400 | n/n | Wellhead using wax strips | Casing collapse | 18 5/8″ H40 @111 m | – | 13 3/8″ J55, 55 lb/ft BTR @414 m | 9 5/8″ J55, 40 lb/ft, BTR @1342 m | 7″ J55, API, 23 lb/ft @1267–1811 m (slotted liner) |